*高中阶段的英语学习,其实就是学习语法,牢记单词,吃透题型这几类~
*作为重中之重的英语语法,很多同学都觉得十分头疼,内容又多又杂,分不清看不懂!
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一、定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom),所有格whose)和关系副词 where when why 等,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词that,which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。 如:
①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.
解析:在句①中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语,所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the days;
而在句②中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。
同样,表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语,则用关系副词where 或why来代指;如果在从句中作动词的宾语,则用which或that来代替。 如:
①This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作状语)
②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作宾语)
注:当先行词为time,reason, place时,引导词可以省略。如:
①This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.
②That is the reason (why) I did it.
③This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
另外,定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如:
①Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.
②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析:在句①中,先行词foreigner被only修饰,强调只有一个,所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式,而在句②中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students,为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
二 名词性从句中的易错点
(一)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,“……的名词”,而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词
如:fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定语从句中必须作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。如:
①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.
②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析:在句①中,that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,而在句②中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语,对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。
(二)名词性从句中,关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点
1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如:
It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主语)
We think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式宾语)
2)谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love,
make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it. 例如:
I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.
3)动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的病因从句式,往往在从句前加形式宾语it. 例如:
① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.
② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.
4)短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on,
see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it. 例如:① I’m counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead. 注:作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.
三、代词it、one、that的用法与区别
One泛指,指代前面提到的那类人或物,用于指代可数名词,相当于a+名词单数,其复数形式ones前一般要有定语,否则就要用some.
That(those复数)即可指代不可数名词,表特指,相当于the+名词,后面经常与介词修饰语连用。 It指代上文出现的名词,表示同类同物,另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词,表示性别身份不明,可作形式主语,形式宾语,引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it.
例如:① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表,我想我必须再买一只。(代指上文指到的同类事物,但不指同一个)
② Where is my pen? Have you seen it?
我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了,你见了吗?(代指上文提到的同一事物) ③ The land of China is larger than that of America.
④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones)
⑤ He has no child, and he wants toadopt one (或 some)
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